Bio Remediation Meaning :

The term Bioremediation is the used for the process by which microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, degrade the environment contaminants into less toxic forms.

BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES

A. In situ bioremediation techniques: (treatment at the site)

i] Bio-venting :

--supply air and nutrients to the site
--technique is used for hydrocarbons in deep under surface

ii]Bio-spraying:

--Injection of air under pressure below the water table

iii]Bio-augmentation:

--Bacteria are imported and introduced to the contaminated site

B. Ex situ bioremediation techniques: (contaminated materials are treated elsewhere)

i] Land Farming:

-- contaminated soil is spread over treatment bed and periodically tilted facilitate aerobic degradation of contaminates

ii]Bispiles:

--hybrid of landfill and compositing
--contaminated soil is totally degraded in the engineering cell.

iii]Bio-reactors:

--Engineer contaminant system processing of soil , slug, and water

iii]Compositing:

--microbes introduced to organic waste.

GENETIC ENGINEERING APPROACHES

1. Phytoremediation

In this plants are used to remove contaminants form soil and water.

Types:

1.Phyto-accumulation/Phyto-extraction
2.Phyto-transformation/Phyto-degradation [more toxic à less toxic (up taken by plants)]
3. Phyto-stabilization[unstable mass]
4. Phyto-degration/Rhizo-degradation[breakdown of contaminants]
5.Rhizo-filtration[wetland and estuaries]

2. Mycoremediation
It is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are used to decontaminate the area

3. Mycoremediation
It is a similar process, using fungal mycelia to filter tonic waste and organic from water and soil.

[Note : filteration implies the use of water]